BOTANY 220

Dr. Kneeland Nesius
MGB Room 108C
683 4193
knesius@odu.edu
 

Prokaryote cell type:  lacking many membrane structures: nuclear membrane, E.R., mitochondria, chloroplast, etc;
                                  replicate by binary fission
        Heterotrophic nutrition     example eubacteria
        Autotrophic  nutrition       example  cyanobacteria

Eukaryote cell type: advanced cell type; contain many membrane organelles
                                replicate by mitosis
 

     Heterotrophic   examples: animals, fungi, heterotrophic protistia
     Autotrophic  examples: plants, autotrophic protistia (algae)

Kingdoms

Archaebacteria (prokaryote),                 Eubacteria (prokaryote),

Protista  (eukaryote) algae protozoans

Plantae (eukaryote)  trees, vegetables, moss, fern

Fungi   (eukaryote)  mushrooms

Animalia (eukaryote) vertebrates, invertebrates
 

Plantae -  Nonvascular Plants Moss (spores),

               Vascular  Plants Fern (spores),

               Gymnosperm (seeds),

               Angiosperm (seeds)
 

Plant Cells -  Differ from other cells in that they have cell wall (cellulose), plastids and lack centrioles.
 
 

  Study Membrane Figure Figure  in text.  Explain the Fluid Mosaic Model Concept
 
 

Unit Membrane –     phospholipid bilayer with protein – integral and peripheral
                                   fluid mosaic model
                                   (selective absorption, specific recognition sites)

Plant Cells -  Study figures in text and handouts
 

Membrane Bound Organelles

             Nucleus  (nuclear membrane with pores)
                             chromatin (DNA and Protein) consist of linear DNA,
                             nucleolus  - ribosome  synthesis
                             Heterochromatin (10%), Euchromatin (90%)

                             Review replication, transcription and translation  pp. 440-448

             E.R.     Smooth (secrete non protein) and Rough (secrete protein)
 

             Dictyosomes /Golgi Apparatus (trans cisternae and cis cisternae), secretory
             vesicles  secrete non cellulose polysaccharides and glycoproteins (pectin
             and hemicellulose)

             Vacuoles (tonoplast)  stores water with dissolved substance

               Mitochondria – cristae, lumen, inner and outer membranes (cristae, matrix -
             permeable to H+ protons),  aerobic respiration (energy rich molecules are
             broken down forming ATP ((Biological Energy)) which is used for work).

            prokaryotic type of DNA and ribosomes present

             Plastids:   Chloroplasts  - grana, thylakoids, stroma, chlorophyll present in
                               membranes;  photosynthetic  reactions (energy poor molecules
                              are  converted into energy rich molecules utilizing energy from
                              light)

                              prokaryotic type of DNA and ribosomes  present)
 
 

                             Amyloplasts (Leucoplast) - store  starch, starch grains
 

                            Chromoplasts - store colored pigments

                                 EXAMINE HANDOUTS GIVEN IN LECURE CLASS
 

            Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are semiautonomous – Binary Fission,
                          Contain  prokaryote type DNA and ribosomes
 

                                 EXAMINE HANDOUTS GIVEN IN LECURE CLASS

                                                             Plastids are interconvertible  -

                                Proplastids  -> etioplasts -> chloroplasts  -> amyloplasts
                                                                                                            or chromoplasts

             Microbodies:

                    Peroxisomes -  removes hydrogen from organic molecules
                                              forms hydrogen peroxide, photosynthetic cells
                    Glyoxysomes - form fats via glyoxylate cycle

                    Oleosomes - store oils
 

Nonmembrane Bound Organelles

            Ribosomes: Protein Synthesis-   Review Transcription and Translation in the text.

            Cytoskeleton consists of microtubules and microfilaments
 

                         EXAMINE HANDOUTS GIVEN IN LECURE CLASS

       Cell Wall  - primary and secondary,  middle lamella, rosette
                        (Consists of cellulose, pectins, hemicellulose and lignins)
 

                      Primary cell wall ( 25% cellulose, 25% hemicellulose, 35% pectins)

                      Secondary (40% cellulose, 35% hemicellulose, 20% lignin)

                      Plasmodesmata - primay and secondary – ER, desmotubule

                       Symplast/ Apoplast
 

            Compare and contrast between  primary and secondary cell walls.
                                       (formation and chemically)
 

                                 EXAMINE HANDOUTS GIVEN IN LECURE CLASS
 

KINGDOM:  PLANTA

Types of Plants:

                     EXAMINE THE DISPLAY IN THE LABORATORY SHOWING EXAMPLES

Moss and Ferns-   no seeds, fruit nor flowers- spores used for DNA distribution.

Gymnosperms (pine trees)- seed present, no fruit or flowers, seeds formed in cones, seeds used  for DNA distribution.

Angiosperms (flowering plants)- seeds, fruit, flowers present.   Fruit and seeds are used for DNA distribution.
 

Parts of Plant :

Roots  - anchorage, water absorption

Stems - displays the leaves

Leaves - main photosynthetic organ

Buds - dormant embryonic tissue

   vegetative buds- axillary or terminal

   reproductive buds- flowers
 

Click here for picture