1. The  I^A represents the genotype  of the gametes produced by  the parent I^AI^A. This represents the allele for type A blood. Since there is only one allele indicated this would be a haploid cell. 

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2. The i represents the genotype of the gametes produced by the parent ii. This represents the allele for type O blood. Note there is no allele attached to the i. Since there is only one allele indicated this would represent a haploid cell. 

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3.  I^Ai  represent the genotype for the offspring produced by these two parents. All of their offspring would have this genotype and contain type A blood. 

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4.         Parents are:          father  (ii)      X       mother     (I^AI^B) 
 
 

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5. For an offspring to have type O blood each parent must has an "i" recessive allele. The offspring with type A blood must receive at least one I^A allele from one of the parents. Neither of the parents can have a I^B allele.  Therefore the parents may be as follows: 

                                    I^Ai    x      ii        or          I^Ai     x      I^Ai 
 
 

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6.  The genotypes of the offspring with are four types  would be ii,  I^AI^B, I^Ai, and I^Bi.   For an offspring to have type O blood each parent must has an "i" recessive allele. The offspring with type AB blood must receive I^A allele from one and I^B allele from the other parent. 
 
Therefore the parents must be         I^Ai      X         I^Bi 
 
 
 
 

7.   To have offspring with the AB blood one parent must have the  I^A    allele and the other parent must have the  I^B allele. Therefore the parents may be: 

                                            I^AI^A       X          I^AI^B 
 

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8.       A cross between two parents  producing pink flowers. 
 
 

//////////////////////	R	R'
R	RR  red	RR'  pink
R'	RR' pink	R'R' white

The phenotype ratio would be 1 red to 2 pink to 1 white and the genotype ratio would be 1 RR to 1 RR' to one R'R'. 

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9. Since some of the offspring  produced white flowers both parents must have had the R' allele. There were no red offspring; therefore, both parents could not have the allele R. 

 The parents must have been  RR'    X     R'R' 
 

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10.         Red Bull   =  RR        X      R'R'  =  white cow 
 
 
 

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11.       The parents must both be heterozygous to get a 1:2:1 genotype or phenotype ratio. Note that when incomplete dominance is involved the genotype and phenotype ratio will always be the same. 

                                             RR'        X            RR' 
 

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12.   Parent 1  would be medium in height and parent 2 would be short. 

                             P1  =              H₁H'₁ H₂H'₂        X          H₁H₁ H₂H_{2     = P 2} 

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13.   Gametes for parent 1 =   H₁H_{2 ,}  H₁H'_{2 ,}  H'₁ H_{2 ,}   H'₁ H'₂ 
 

        Gametes for parent 2 =  all of the gametes are   H₁H₂ 
 

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14. 
Set up Punnett square. 

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15. 
                  A. MmAa 

                  B.  Mmaa 

                  C.   mmAA 
 
  mouse A  =   The phenotype of this mouse's fur would be gray. The "M" allows    
                       color and "A" (gray) is dominant to "a" (black). 

  mouse B  =   The phenotype of this mouse's fur would be black. The "M" allows 
                       color and "aa" (black) is recessive to "A". 

  mouse C  =    The phenotype of this mouse's fur would be white.  The "mm" does
                        not allow fur color to appear. 
 
 

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16.                                               Parents  =     BbMm   x   bbmm 
 
 

 The phenotype ratio would be 1 brown to 2 white to 1 blond. 

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